Strategic Island Cyprus in Eastern Mediterranean

Strategic Island Cyprus in Eastern Mediterranean

PREFACE

A major island in geographical islands and a missing point in political atlases.

The name of a problem that can not be endured in international reports is Cyprus. In 1571, the first Turkish population was conquered with the conquest of the Ottoman Empire. In 1878 the Ottoman Empire was understood by the British to take back Ardahan and Batumi. Cyprus was temporarily left to the United Kingdom. Balances changed in the First World War. The English annexed the island. Turkey agreed to annexation in 1923. However, an article in the treaty have got word to Turkey was doing. With the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkish and Greek populations became colonial people. The dream of ENOSIS of the Greeks started in this period. It grew with the support of the people. (Enosis is the event of Cyprus' accession to Greece.)(1931)

In 1950, the Church organized a referendum for connect to Greece. This referendum was only a meeting of the Greek Cypriot people. This incident took the reaction of the Turkish people. In 1954 Greece applied to the UN. The UN rejected the application. The Greek Cypriots were armed. Their aims were first to remove the English and then Turks from the island and to unite with Greece. Greek Cypriots formed a military organization called EOKA. The leader was Archbishop Makarios and General Grivas. On the other hand, the Turkish Resistance Organization was established. Now a civil war has begun. In the meantime, attacks against civilians have begun. In 1957, when the situation was bad, EOKA temporarily declared a cease-fire with the intervention of NATO. In 1959 the Zurich and London Treaties were signed with the participation of interested parties. The formula adopted is the island's independence.

Cyprus would be a republic based on the dominance of two communities.With the foundation of the Republic of Cyprus, the British domination of the island has come to an end.However, the

right to get a base in the island was given.The first republic was the president Makarios and his assistant became Fazil Küçük. However,Makarios found that the agreements he made in 1960 were in favor of the Turks. Makarios wanted to make amendments to 13 articles of the Constitution.Turkey did not accept this amenments,therefore ,Makarios was invaild to agreements. Turkish parliamentarians were not introduced into the parliament. Within the framework of the plan called Agritas, the first node of the unresolved problem of Cyprus has been laid.(1963) The attack on the Turkish government would reach unimaginable dimensions. The raids and massacres followed each other. In the framework of the plan, the Turkish part of Nicosia was under siege. There was a complete chaos in the island. The international public has remained a spectator to the murder of the Turkish Cypriots. On top of this, Turkish Airlines made low flights over Cyprus. He had intimidated the Greeks. This event could not stop EOKA if a temporary ceasefire was reached. After this, the armed actions shifted to the villages. These events were to be understood years later by the discovered mass graves. Enosis attempted two failed coups to perform. Rauf Denktash cases reported to Turkey. On the July 15, 1974, the NATIONAL SHOPS ORGANIZATION, led by Greek officers, took over the President Makarios. Nikos Sampsun, the leader of EOKA, succeeded and declared the Republic of Cyprus Helen. EOKA, supporting the coup, even slaughtered its own people to seize control. Two thousand rum were massacred. The Republic of Turkey Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit went to London Guarantor Agreement was invited to joint action to England. However, Ecevit, from Prime Minister Wilson and foreign minister Kalahan could not find what he hoped. According to the UK, the Cyprus issue should have been addressed in the United Nations and NATO. He said Turkey would intervene in this case alone. The Turkish Armed Forces arrived in Cyprus on July 20, 1974.A ceasefire was declared on July 22, 1974.At the end of the this process,in Cyprus Samson and in Greece military of junta were overthrown. Peace negotiations started in Geneva after the ceasefire. The double-controlled administration presented by the Turkish side was rejected by the Greek Cypriot side and time was wanted. During the continuation of the Geneva Conference, the Turkish side abandoned the Conference because of the ongoing attacks on the Turks. On August 14, 1974, the operation was held for the second time. At the First Geneva Conference, a peacekeeping force was assigned to the island.In spite of the conflicts continued in the island. Many were dead and wounded.Include two days ,operation ended by captured %37 part island by Turkey. The ceasefire of line was not finalized by a treaty, in the event of a ceasefire with the decision of the Security Council. The region between the Turkish and Greek lines was accepted as an intermediate region and left to the UN peacekeeping force. The first action undertaken by Turkey is seen as a legal intervention was seen as an occupying second operation. There was no consensus on a permanent solution in the World Public Opinon. The Turkish federal state was established on February 13, 1975. On 19 November 1983 the TRNC was independent. TRNC is the name of a lost state in a world map that is not recognized in an international arena today,it is the name of a geography separated from the world by political

isolations. Today separating the island into the buffer zone that the UN troops expect.

NEAR HISTORY CYPRUS

On 2 August 1975 in Vienna under the auspices of the UN, a population exchange agreement was reached between Mr. Rauf Denktas and Glafkos Clerides. With this agreement implemented through UN Peacekeeping Force, approximately 120 thousand Greeks from the North and 65 thousand Turks from the South to the North have come to the scene, thus two homogeneous sections in terms of population have come to the scene. These two sections are separated by an "intermediate zone" extending for 180 km and ranging in width from 5 meters to 7 km.

Today, over 800,000 Greeks live in the Greek Cypriot administration of Northern Cyprus against the population of 290,000 in Northern Cyprus. It is also known that there are more than 100 foreign population in the south. There are also Armenian, Maronian and Latin religious groups in Cyprus. 71 km island of Cyprus to Turkey, Greece is 900 km. Away. The surface area of Adan is 9251 km2, the surface area of the TRNC is 3241 km2 which corresponds to 35.04% of the island, the surface area of GKR is 5509 km2 (59.56%) and the surface area of British bases is 256.01 km2. The intermediate region covers an area of 244.04 km2.

UN NEGOTIATION PROCESS

The first negotiations between the two sides of the island began in 1968. These talks, which were presented in the form of local autonomy of the Turkish thesis, continued until the end of 1971. The period 1972-1974 negotiations were continued with the participation of experts from Turkey and Greece. These negotiations ended with the Greek / Greek coup dated July 15, 1974.

After 1974, the Turkish Cypriot side and Turkey, who lived on the island and the facts on the basis of a bi-communal, bi-zonal federation has adopted the model.

In this context, various negotiations between 1975 and 1997 have been held to establish a federation. However, the Greek Cypriot side has pursued a policy that aims to spread its sovereignty to the North, and has tried to shape the state structure for this purpose in the negotiations.

1960 Cyprus does not recognize even the right to autonomy of the Turkish side, the two sides in the 1970s, bicommunal federation prepared to accept the Greek Cypriot side, EU membership perspective has appeared to defend the stronger federation idea, in the framework of a solution to the Cyprus law will give the Turkish side, especially Turkey's members it can easily be abraded in an EU that it is not. Some significant developments in this process can be summarized as follows:

The Geneva Declaration of July 30, 1974, states that in Cyprus there are two separate and autonomous governments, while on the other hand, negotiations for constitutional legitimacy should be prioritized.

On September 13, 1975, the Turkish Cypriot side (KTFD), the Turkish Cypriot side and the Turkish Cypriot side, decided to form a possible Turkish Cypriot wing of the future Turkish Cypriot side, after the Denktas-Klerides negotiations, which had been in Cyprus since September 1974, He has established.

Following the announcement of the KTFD, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 367, dated March 12, 1975, giving goodwill to the UN Secretary General to resolve the problem. The Secretary-General has tried to help in this framework to the ongoing solution efforts. Good intentions form a much more limited framework than mediation and arbitration, aimed at facilitating parties to negotiate and facilitating their negotiations.

On August 2, 1975, under the auspices of the UN in Vienna, a population exchange agreement was reached between Mr Denktash and Clerides, which was implemented through the UN Peacekeeping Force.

The first Summit Agreement (High Level Agreement) was accepted as the result of the

negotiations between Denktaş and Makarios on 12 February 1977. The four-item agreement concluded that a two-state federal republic should be established.

In May 1979, the Second Summit Agreement emerged in the Denktaş-Kiprianu meeting on the call of the Turkish Cypriot side. This agreement confirms the 1977 agreement and contains a substance that emphasizes the importance of creating a goodwill and mutual trust environment.

The document, which is on the agenda at the negotiations that started on August 9, 1980, clearly states for the first time the concepts of two societal and security. The formula for determining the constitutional aspect of the Cyprus problem and the two-fold solution of the federal and territorial aspects are due to this document.

On November 15, 1983, the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was proclaimed on the basis of the "self-determination" (self-determination) of the Turkish Cypriot people and emphasizing political equality. On this way, the federation was preserved and the Greek Cypriot side was called for peace and solution.

The United Nations Secretary General launched a new initiative in August 1984 on the goodwill mission and invited the Greek Cypriot and Greek Cypriot officials to meet separately in Vienna. The Secretary-General has presented the Parties with a document known as the Vienna Working Points. After this date, various aspects of the Cyprus problem have begun to be addressed not as individual but as an integrated whole(DIŞ İŞL.)

Following the elections held in the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot sides in 1985, the UN Secretary General presented the "Draft Framework Agreement" on March 29, 1986, after consulting with the parties. The Framework Agreement provided for the establishment of a bilateral federal state in Cyprus, the veto powers of the Greek Cypriot President and the Turkish President's Assistant, and the determination of a rate above 29 per cent of the territory of the Turkish Cypriot side.

The President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Sayın Denktaş, sent a letter to the Secretary General on April 21, 1986 informing the Turkish side of the important issues and acknowledging the package as an integrated whole. Mr. Denktash has indicated that he is ready to sign the agreement with a second letter dated 27 April 1986. The Greek Cypriot Leader, however, did not respond to the recommendation and was found at an international conference call. This attitude of the Greek Cypriot side has been criticized in the statement and the report of the Secretary General.

Efforts to find solutions to the Cyprus problem have become more active since the first months of 1990 and have become more intense. As a result of these efforts with the active participation of Turkey and the Turkish Cypriot side, UN Secretary-General Boutros Ghali, "Set of Ideas" (Set of Ideas) bearing the name and informal, have created an agreement draft with a formal and has forwarded it to side. It is recognized that the agreements that can be made in individual cases will be invalid unless the agreed document is an integral part and an agreement is reached on the whole.

Between June and November 1992, the negotiations in New York focused on the core issues of comprehensive settlement, and the political and political issues of the new partnership to be established in Cyprus were addressed in the "Series of Ideas".

1992 Set of Ideas was based on a federal structure solution consisting of two federated states, as envisaged in the 1960 state of affairs in 1960 were maintained Guarantee and Alliance Treaties, as well as the "Federal Cyprus" in Turkey and Greece to everything "most favored nation" is stated to recognize the status. It is envisaged that the Framework Agreement will be finalized at the Fourth Conference to be held following the consensus of the two sides and a referendum will be presented in two communities within 30 days.

The Turkish Cypriot side has accepted 91 of the 100 paragraphs of Ideas, and the remaining 9 paragraphs are ready for negotiation. The Greek Cypriot side, however, has not accepted the continuation of the Treaty of Guarantee and the fact that the Turkish Cypriots, even as a federated unit, have a separate structure.

Clerides, who won the February 1993 Presidential election against the Idea Series by the Greek Cypriot side, explained that as soon as it comes to the business, it will not negotiate the Series of Ideas and intensify the efforts of its main preferences towards European Union membership. As a matter of fact, the Greek Cypriots have begun to develop their efforts towards EU membership with the help of Greece. In March 1995, the GCPS was fully focused on EU membership, with the EU granting a candidate status. This attitude of the Greeks follow

mAktAki objectives, provide an indirect Enosis with Greece, the guarantee of the right against Turkey, which has been in use in Greece also found in the European Union.(YUNAN)

The Turkish Cypriot Government stated that the decision to initiate accession negotiations with the GCCP taken at the EU Luxembourg Summit in December 1997 resulted in a devastating blow to the UN negotiation process and its solution parameters and that the next contacts could only be carried out between the two states in the island and that the TRNC was involved in full membership negotiations between the GCOC and the EU it is not. Turkey has also supported the TRNC's attitude and will not be resolved at the government level to discuss the EU with Cyprus and Greek-Turkish relations.

THE ANNAN PLAN AND DISCUSSION

Following the New York talks on October 3-4, President Denktas was taken to heart surgery in New York on October 7th with a sudden decision. However, when the Copenhagen Summit on 12 December approached, the Secretary General of the United Nations Annan on November 11, 2002, worried that the failure to achieve resolution would further complicate the Cyprus issue, gave the parties a document entitled "The Complete Solution to the Cyprus Problem" It has to offer.

The presidential elections in the GCY were won by the rightist DIKO and Tosos Papadopoulos, a communist AKEL candidate, who received 51.51% of votes on the first round of 16 February 2003. The new cabinet, founded by Papadopoulos, began a referendum on February 28,

ANNAN PLAN'S CONTENT

The plan, which was passed on to the parties in Bürgenstock on 24 April 2004 and offered a referendum on the two sides, is a process whereby the new partnership will be divided into two parts, the two sides will recognize each other's identity and integrity and the parties will respect each other's cultural, religious, political, social and language identities. that the constituent states would exercise sovereignty over their territory and that they could freely establish their own structures and that the constituent states and the Federal Government would not be able to interfere with each other's powers and functions and that one side would not be able to claim authority and authority over the other side.

The Annan Plan is based on the continuation of the Treaty of Guarantee and Alliance taking into account the state of affairs established on the island. The guarantor countries will guarantee not only the territory of the United Cyprus Republic but also the territorial integrity, security and constitutional arrangements of the Constituent States. According to the plan, Turkish Cypriot state in accordance with the Treaty of Alliance that can be deployed in Turkey and the Greek Cypriot State until the year 2011 the number of Greek troops that can be deployed in 6000, 2018 or 3000 to make Turkey's EU accession is foreseen. In the previous version of the plan Turkey be reduced to zero, the Turkish and Greek military presence on the island becomes an EU member proposed that, in the final version, after Turkey's EU membership from either 2018, 1960 Alliance 650 Turkey with numbers envisaged by the Treaty, 950 Greek soldiers remain on the island has been provided.(İNGİLİZ)

With the Annan plan, a referendum event came to fruition. The Reperandum was the determinant of many strategic games. The EU wanted Cyprus as a whole. He did want to prevent the US from settling there and establishing a military base. The Cyprus issue has returned to a power struggle between the US and the EU. The US is making such a Annan plan that the Rums in front of them. Rums reject it,and also, recognized the TRNC. Unsharing KARPAS is also a US military base. There were some estimates. One of these estimates was the application of the Taiwan model to the TRNC. It would not be recognized but the embargo would get out, the countries would not be big embassies but there would be commercial fireworks, Cyprus will be one of the important places for world trade, especially for coastal banking.

REFERENDUM AND BEYOND

The settlement plan, finalized on the basis of the negotiations, was presented to the approval of two people in Cyprus by referendums on 24 April 2004 in GRE and the TRNC. While 75.83% of Greek Cypriots refuse the Plan, 64.91% of the Turkish Cypriots often say "yes" to the Plan, despite the many difficulties they will bring for them. When the Greek Cypriot side rejected the Plan with a great majority, Greek Cypriot leader Papadopoulos called on the Greek Cypriot people to say "a strong no" in his public address on April 7, 2004, and the "no campaign" of the Greek Cypriot leadership has had a significant impact. In the face of the rejection of the Greek Cypriot community, this comprehensive solution scheme supported by the international community, including the UN and the EU, has become invalid.

On 1 May 2004, the GDR became a full member of the EU under the name "Republic of Cyprus". In Turkey party said in a statement the same day, the Greek Cypriots, who will join the EU, Turkish Cypriots or they are not authorized to represent the whole of Cyprus, equal status with Turkish Cypriots or the absence of jurisdiction or sovereignty over the entire island of Cyprus, "Cyprus Republic" of the Turkish Cypriots Greek Cypriots organized under their own constitutional orders and organized within their borders can not be considered as the legal government representing the Turkish Cypriots or the whole of Cyprus. The statement also Turkish Cypriots, as a people who organized themselves within their country's borders and constitutional order, governmental authority, and they are using their sovereignty, in this framework, Turkey, North Cyprus will continue to recognize the Turkish Republic and the Republic of Cyprus's entry into the EU Turkey is in no way the rights and obligations based on the 1960 agreements on Cyprus has been expressed that could prejudice.

CONCLUSION

Cyprus, became into an international event.Stratejik location in the south of Turkey and is one of the Mediterranean's most important transportation hub and in terms of the island's greatest riches. For military bases there is a distinctive precaution. The civil war in Syria has increased the importance of Cyprus. Today, many countries are using Cyprus. The US is receiving assistance from the British bases. The essence of this strategic positioning in Cyprus, Syria has been approaching Russia for several years. Russia has bases in Syria. Russia is not a maritime state in its history, but it has got a state with nuclear fleets. At the same time, Israel began to take care of Cyprus subject to resources. Many countries are searching for oil and natural gas around Cyprus. Sea boundaries are still unclear in Cyprus. There is not only helen culture in Cyprus, Cyprus is a cosmopolitan island. In 2004, the Greek Cypriots who deny unification want more land called denominations. These cities are Karpas and Güzelyurt cities.The TRNC rejects this. The maps requested by both sides are hidden in the UN. Cyprus is the key of the Eastern Mediterranean sovereignty. Today this event has come out of a problem between the two countries, and it still remains unclear.